MokshaMargPrakashak …25

                                                  Converse form of Nirjara Tattva

He believes Nirjara is attained by means of fasting etc. form Tapa but just by external Tapa alone Nirjara is not attained. The external tapa is carried out for enhancing Shuddhopayoga; Shuddhopayoga is cause for Nirjara; hence in Upachar sense Tapa is also called as means for Nirjara. If tolerating external dukh alone be cause for Nirjara then Tiryanch etc. also tolerate hunger-thirst etc.

Then he says – They tolerate it under dependence; those who carry out fasting etc. Tapa with spirit of dharma independently, they attain Nirjara.

Its reply- They carry out external fasting etc. with spirit of dharma but there the Upayoga manifests in Ashubha-Shubha-Shuddha forms, accordingly it is attained. If with lot of fasting lot of Nirjara be attained and with less fasting little Nirjara is attained then if such rule exists then fasting alone would be prime cause of Nirjara; but this is not possible. Since with manifestations being devilish, how can Nirjara be possible with fasting etc.?

If it is said – According to the  manifestation of Upayoga in Ashubha-Shubha-Shuddha form the bandh-nirjara is attained.

Then fasting etc. tapa would not be prime cause for Nirjara. Ashubha-Shubha manifestations get to be cause for bandh and Shuddha manifestations become cause for Nirjara.

Here question- In Tattvarth Sutra it is said that with Tapa Nirjara is attained?

Its reply- In shastra the prevention of desires is called tapa. Hence with elimination of Shubha-ashubha desires the Upayoga gets to be Shuddha and there Nirjara is attained; hence with Tapa Nirjara is attained.

Here he says – With elimination of desire of food etc. form ashubha, tapa is attained but fasting and repentance etc. are Shubha activities, their desire exists?

Its reply- Gyani people do not have desire for fasting etc.; only one shuddhopayoga is desired. If with fasting etc. Shuddhopayoga enhances then they do fasting etc. and if with fasting the body or the manifestations become weak resulting in shuddhopayoga becoming weaker then they accept food etc. If with fasting etc. only the siddhi can be  attained then why Ajitnath etc. 23 Tirthankaras  would have adopted two Upavas alone after accepting ordination? They had immense capability but in accordance with the manifestations, with external means they practiced one Veetrag Shuddhopayoga only.

Here question- If it is so then why fasting etc. are called as Tapa?

Its answer- They are called external Tapa. The external implies that externally it appears to others that he is Tapaswi but results would be in accordance with the internal manifestations since body activities without manifestations do not give results.

Here question again- In shastra Nirjara is said to be without desire, there  by tolerating hunger thirst etc, without desire results in Nirjara then by tolerating hardships with fasting etc., why Nirjara would not occur?

Its answer- In Akaam Nirjara also the external nimitta is toleration of hunger-thirst without desire and if the bhavas are weak Kashaya form then Nirjara of Pap is attained; bandh of Deva etc. punya is attained. But if by tolerating hardships with strong Kashaya results in Punya bandh then all Tiryanch etc. would take birth as Devas but that does not happen. In the same way by fasting with desire the hardships of hunger-thirst are tolerated, but these are external nimitta, here according to the manifestations the results are attained.

Just as in  Upachar sense the grains have been called as Pran (life) ; in the same way with external means the internal tapa gets enhanced; hence in Upachar sense they are also called Tapa. But if only external Tapa is carried out and internal Tapa is not there, then in Upachar also it cannot be called as Tapa. The same is told-

“ Where Kashaya, Vishaya and Ahar – these are renounced, that should be known as Upavas; the remaining are called by shri Guru as merely going without food. “

Then he says- if it is so then we would not do Upavas etc.

He is told- The preachment is given for climbing upwards; if you wish to fall down then what can we do? If you do Upavas with pride etc. then do or  not do; there is no gain and if with spirit of dharma you give up interest in Ahar etc. then the raga which is abandoned, that much is reduced only, but knowing this alone as Tapa, believing Nirjara with it, do not get satisfied.

In the internal Tapas the engagement in activities of Prayashchita-Vinaya-VaiyaVritya-Swadhyaya-Tyag-Dhyan should be known as external Tapa form only. Just as Anashan etc. are external activities , in the same way these are also  external activities. Hence Prayashchita etc. external means are not internal Tapa. With such external engagements, the purity of internal manifestation should be known as internal tapa.

There also this is different- with  attainment of extreme shuddhata the manifestation is shuddhopayoga form; there only Nirjara is there and there is no bandh and with little shuddhata part of shubhopayoga also exists; hence depending upon the shuddhata the nirjara occurs and the part which is Shubha bhava form causes bandh- such mixed bhava simultaneously occurs, there bandh and nirjara occur together.

Here someone says- With Shubha bhavas the nirjara of pap occurs and punya gets bonded. But with Shuddha bhavas nirjara of both occur-  why not say thus?

Its reply- In Moksha Marg, the reduction of Sthiti(duration) occurs of all Prakritis there is no difference between Punya-Pap and in Punya Prakriti the reduction of intensity does not occur even with shuddhopayoga ; the Anubhag (intensity) of punya prakriti of higher order have strong bandh-fruition and the paramanus of Pap Prakriti transform into Shubha Prakriti form- such sankraman (transformation) occurs with  Shubha and Shuddha both bhavas; hence above described rule is not possible. In accordance with the purity only the rule is possible.

Look! Even if in the fourth Guanasthana one does Shastra practice, soul contemplation etc. activities ; there is no Nirjara and bandh is high; while in fifth gunasthana even if one engages in sensory enjoyments, still he has gunashreni nirjara; bandh is also less.

And in fifth gunasthana if he engages in Upavas etc. and Prayashchita etc. Tapa; in that period his Nirjara is less only; whereas in sixth gunasthana in spite of activities of Ahar-Vihar etc., in that period also the Nirjara is high and bandh is also much less.

Hence Nirjara is not in accordance with external activities; with vishuddhata(purity)  due to reduction of internal Kashaya shakti the Nirjara occurs; its nature would be described later, know from there.

In this way the Anashan etc. activities are named as Tapa in Upachar sense. Due to this only they are termed as Vyavahara Tapa. Vyavahara and Upachar have same meaning and with  the means by which the Veetraga Bhava form Vishuddhata is attained, that is real Tapa, which should be known as means for Nirjara.

Here  example is quoted- Just as money and grains are called as Prana (life) since buying grains with  money and by eating them the Pranas are nourished; hence in upachar sense money and grains are called as Prana. But if someone does not know the Pranas of the form of senses etc. and knowing these alone as Prana, protect it then he would attain death only . In the same way Anashan etc. and Prayashchita etc. are called as Tapa since by Anashan etc. means manifesting in Prayashchita etc. form, Veetrag bhava form true tapa is nourished ; hence in Upachar sense the Anashan etc. and Prayashchita etc. are called as Tapa; but if someone does not recognise the Veetraga bhava form tapa and believing these only as Tapa, engages in them then he would traverse only in the world.

What more (can be said)!  - Just understand that Nishchaya dharma is Veetrag  Bhava; others are described in Upachar sense from aspect of different external means; they should be called as Vyavahara dharma only.

-          Since he does not know this secret; hence he does not have real shraddhan of Nirjara also.

The converse form of Moksha

He believes being Siddha as Moksha. There birth-death-old age-disease-suffering etc. dukh were eliminated and with infinite gyan the Lokalok was known, was revered in all three loks, thus in several ways he knows its glory but there is desire of eliminating dukh of all jivas, knowing all the gyeyas and being venerable. If the desire of Moksha was for these only then what is the difference between shraddhan of him and other jivas?

There he has such concept also that in swarga sukh is there and infinite times sukh is there in Moksha. In such multiplication he believes the swarga and Moksha to be of the same family. In the swarga the sukh  is pertaining to sensory pleasures, its family is known to him but in Moksha the sensory subjects are not there; hence he does not realise the family of sukh there, but great people call Moksha to be superior to swarga hence he too believes it to be supreme. Just as someone does not recognise the nature of singing but since all audience is lauding it ; hence he too lauds it; in the same way he believes Moksha to be supreme.

Here he says- In Shastra also the sukh of Siddhas is described as infinite times of that  of Indra etc. ?

Its reply- Just as – The brightness  of the body of Tirthankara is said to be infinite times that of sun light, there they do not have same family but in the Lok the sun light is glorious hence for describing  higher glory than that, such metaphor is used; in the same way the sukh of siddha is described as infinite times that of Indra, there they do not have same family  but in the Lok the sukh of Indra etc. is glorious ; to describe much higher glory they use such metaphor.

Here question- He believes the Siddha sukh and Indra etc. sukh to be of the  same family- how did you decide this?

Its answer- Since he believes swarga as result of dharma practice and Moksha also to be result of the same dharma practice. Some jiva attains Indra etc. status , another attains Moksha , in both of them he believes to be result of the same family of dharma.

He believes thus- Where the practice of dharma is less, he attains Indra etc. status; where the practice is complete, he attains Moksha but he believes the family of dharma to be the same. Hence where the family of cause is same, the family of effect would also be the same since with specific reason only the specific deed is carried out. Hence we have concluded that in his belief the sukh of Indra etc. and sukh of Siddha have the same family.
There with nimitta of karma the soul used to have aupadhik bhavas, with their absence, he has become pure soul in Shuddha nature form . Just as by separating from skandh the paramanu becomes Shuddha; in the same way by separating from Karmas etc. he becomes Shuddha.

The difference is – The paramanu was not having sukh-dukh in both states, but soul was having dukh in ashuddha state and with its elimination, he has attained infinite sukh having perturbation free characteristics. And the sukh attained by Indra etc. that has perturbation due to Kashaya bhavas; hence in reality it is dukh only; hence that and this do not have the same family.

There the cause for swarga sukh is auspicious raga and cause for Moksha sukh  is Veetrag bhava; hence there is difference even in the causes but such bhava is not realised by him.

Hence he does not have real shraddhan of Moksha also.

In this way he does not have real Tattva shraddhan . Hence in Samaysar it is said that in spite of having Tattva shraddhan the Abhavya remains Mithya Drishti.  And in Pravachansar it is told that Tattvartha Shraddhan  devoid of Atma Gyan is not functional.

There from aspect of Vyavahara Drishti this Samyak Darshan is said to have eight angs (elements) which he practices; twenty five faults are described which he avoids; Samvega etc. qualities are told which he adopts but just as without sowing the seed, by adopting all means in the field, the grains are not produced; in the same way without real Tattva shraddhan , samyaktva is not attained. 

In the same way in commentary of Panchastikaya where the VyavaharaBhasi is described,  there also it is similar description.

In this way in spite of accomplishing means for Samyak darshan , he does not attain Samyak darshan.

Converse form of Samyak Gyan

In the shastra it is told that by practice of shastras, SamyakGyan is attained, hence he remains active in practice of shastra. There his attention is over the activities  of learning, teaching, remembering, reading, speaking etc. in which he engages his Upayoga but his attention is not upon its objective.

In this preachment what is effective for me, that is not his intent. By practicing shastras he keeps intent of preaching others and lots of jivas following  his preachment make him satisfied. But the practice of gyan  is done for self and incidentally others get benefited then let it be.

If someone does not listen to preachment then let them, why should he worry? Understanding the meaning and bhava of shastra , one should care for  own benefit.

In Shastra practice also several practice grammar, logic, poetry etc. shastras extensively but all that is for establishing wisdom in the Lok; in that there is no mention of self  benefit. Actually there objective is that if the intellect is more then  by practicing these somewhat, later practice shastras which benefit own soul; if the intellect is less than one should only practice shastras which benefit own soul. It should not be that in practicing grammar etc. the ayu gets depleted and tattva gyan is not attained.

Here someone says- if it is so than one should not practice grammar etc. ?

He is told- without their practice the meaning of great granths is not realised; hence their practice is also useful.

Then there is question- then why such great granths were created, whose meaning cannot be understood without grammar etc. ? Why simple beneficial preachment was not written in local language? They did not have any purpose.

Its answer- In local language also the words of Prakrit-Sanskrit only are there but they have distorted forms and in different states it is of different forms. The Mahant people did not wish to write shastras with corrupted words. If the child stutters the elders do not do so.

And if the shastra of language of one state goes to other state then how would its meaning be realised? Hence in Prakrit-Sanskrit etc. Shuddha language form granths have been created.

Without grammar the meaning of word is not realised correctly; without logic , the examination of characteristics cannot be done correctly, etc. The decision of the nature of thing cannot be made properly with words alone without usage of grammar etc. – knowing this based upon its tradition the description is made. In local language also with some amount of tradition only preachment can be made but with lot of practice of the same only the right decision can be taken.

If you say- If it is so then why do you make granth in local language form  now?

Its reply- Due to degradation of times the intellect of the Jivas have become weaker. Knowing this with the intent of benefitting as many jivas as possible, the granths in local language are created. Hence those jivas who cannot learn the grammar etc., they should practice with such granths.

There those jivas who make use of grammar  for describing the words along with different arguments ; make use of logic for being mahant with debate etc.  and for revealing  intellect they make use of poetry; - with such worldly objectives they practice it but  they are not dharmatma.

To the extent possible, by practicing it , those who decide of the Tattva etc. for own soul  benefit , they only should be known as Dharmatma-Pandit.

Several jivas practice Purana etc. shastras which describe the results of punya-pap etc., several practice shastras of conduct etc. which describe the activities of punya-pap,  several practice shastras of Karananuyoga which describe the gunasthana-margana-karma Prakriti-Trilok etc.; but if they themselves do not consider its objective then it is like the reading of a parrot. If the objective is considered then they know the pap to be bad and punya to be good; they  know the forms of gunasthana and whatever would be practiced by them would be beneficial for them. As a result at least the Narak etc. would not be attained and swarga etc. would be attained, but Moksha Marga would not be attained.

There,  firstly true Tattva Gyan should be attained, then know the world as result of punya-pap,  know that Moksha is attained with shuddhopayoga; know the Vyavahara description of Jiva with gunasthana etc. form, thus with their shraddhan if it is practiced then Samyak Gyan is attained.

The cause for Tattva Gyan are shastras of Adhyatma form dravyanuyoga.  Several Jivas practice those shastras also but they do not arrive at right shraddhan by knowing the forms of self, others and asrava etc.

Orally he may narrate it such that with their preachment other jivas may become Samyak Drishti , but just as some boy masquerading as woman sings such that other man-woman become aroused , but he is just speaking the way he has learnt; himself he does not realise the bhava ; hence he does not get aroused; in the same way he preaches the way it is written but he himself does not experience it.

If he had attained Shraddhan then he would not have mixed part of other tattva  in another tattva, but since he does not have the conviction; hence he does not have Samyak Gyan.

In this way he also studies upto eleven Angs even then Siddhi is not attained- thus it is written in Samaysar etc. that Mithya Drishti may have knowledge of upto eleven Angs.

Here someone says- Gyan is that much but just as – Abhavya Sen had knowledge without shraddhan, it is such.

Its reply- He was Papi  who did not have fear of activities of Himsa etc. but the jiva who goes upto Graveyak etc., he has such knowledge, he is not without shraddhan; he has the shraddhan that these granths are true but  his Tattva shraddhan is not right.

In Samaysar the same jiva is said to have shraddhan of dharma, knowledge of eleven angs and practice of mahavrita etc. In Pravachansar it is written that he has such Agam Gyan that he knows all the things like a berry kept in the palm.

And he knows this also – I know them but “I am gyan form” – thus he does not experience self to be different from other dravya, only consciousness form; hence devoid of knowledge of soul, Agam Gyan is not useful.

In this way he has practice of Jain Shastras for Samyak Gyan, even then he does not have Samyak Gyan.

Continued…..

MokshaMargPrakashak …24

 

The converse form of Samyak Darshan

In the Shastra the realisation  of the  Deva-Guru-Dharma is said to be  means for Samyaktva – believing such order, they have renounced doing Namaskar etc. to others other than Arahant Deva-Nirgranth Guru-Jain Shastra , but they do not examine their good or bad qualities and even if they examine then they do not examine it properly with knowledge of Tattva; they examine based upon external characteristics – with such concept they engage in bhakti of Sudeva-Guru-Shastras.

The converse form of Deva Bhakti

The Arahant etc. devas are there who are worshipped by Indra etc., have several miraculous powers, free of hunger etc. flaws, they are beautiful in body, free of company of women etc., they give preachment with divine sound, know the LokAlok by means of Keval Gyan, they have destroyed desires, anger etc., thus several qualities exist.

-          Of these several qualities are pudgala dependent and several are Jiva dependent , they are not recognised separately. For example- In Manushya etc. paryayas of dissimilar form, without knowing the qualities of Jiva-Pudgala differently, someone attains Mithya Darshan; in the same way in dissimilar form Arahant paryaya without knowing the difference of qualities of jiva and pudgala, he also attains Mithya Darshan.

Knowing the external qualities,  he believes the Mahant-ness of Arahant deva as great and without knowing the qualities of Jiva properly, he believes the Mahant-ness of Arahant Deva as ordained or otherwise since if he knows the qualities of Jiva properly then he would not remain Mithya Drishti.

There he believes those Arahants to be giver of Swarg-Moksha, compassionate towards poor, benefactor of lowly, uplifter of fallen, thus just as other faith person believes Ishwara having buddhi of creator; in the same way he believes Arahant to be. He does not know that fruition is in accordance with own manifestations, Arahant is merely nimitta for same. Hence those qualities are possible only in Upachar sense. Without purification of own manifestations, Arahant is not giver of Swarg-Moksha etc.

With the name of Arahant etc. the dog etc. attained heaven, there the miracle of name alone is believed but without manifestations, the one reciting name does not attain Swarg, then how can one hearing name would attain? – With the nimitta of listening to name, the dog etc. have attained weak Kashaya form bhavas due to which the swarg  is attained. The primacy of name is in Upachar sense only.

Look, with the name of Arahant etc. and worship etc. believing  the destruction of undesirable materials and attainment of desirable materials , for elimination of disease etc. and attainment of wealth  etc. the name is taken and worshipped. But the cause for desirable undesirable to happen  is due to fruition of past karmas; after all, Arahant is not a karta.

With the bhakti form shubhopayoga manifestations of Arahant etc. the previous Pap get transformed hence in sense of Upachar, the cause for destruction of undesirable and attainment of desirable is said to be bhakti of Arahant etc. But the Jiva who carries out bhakti with worldly objectives only from the beginning, his intent was that of pap only. How can the bhavas of desire- disgust etc. be cause for Sankraman (transformation) of previous pap, due to which his objective was served?

Several  Jivas believing bhakti to be cause for salvation, with great interest engage in it. This shraddhan is similar to that of other followers who believe salvation through Bhakti , but bhakti is raga form and raga results in bandh; hence it is not cause for Moksha. When raga is under fruition, then if he does not engage in bhakti, it would result in their being engaged in pap; hence to avoid ashubha raga gyani engage in Bhakti and know this to be external nimitta of Moksha Marg but knowing this alone to be  as venerable they do  not remain satisfied; they remain actively engaged in attaining shuddhopayoga.  

The same is written in Panchastikaya commentary – “ Such Bhakti is practiced by Agayni Jivas for whom the Bhakti alone is primary. To certain extent it occurs to Gyani for elimination of strong raga-fever or negation of raga of some specific kind. “

There he asks – If it is so then the Bhakti of Agyani would be  more than that of Gyani?

Its reply- From aspect of reality Gyani has true Bhakti while Agyani does not have it. From aspect of raga bhava, Agyani believing it to be cause for salvation in shraddhan also has high attachment towards it; where as the Gyani knowing it to be cause for Shubha bandh does not have such attachment. Externally to some extent the Gyani has high attachment, some times Agyani also has it- know thus.

-          Thus the form of Deva Bhakti was highlighted.

Converse nature of Guru Bhakti

Now , what type of Guru Bhakti is practiced by him? That is told- Several  Jivas follow the order only. They consider that these are sadhus of the Jains and are our Guru, hence we should do their Bhakti  and hence they do it. And several Jivas examine also. There these Munis practice compassion, sheel, do not keep wealth etc. and carry out fasting etc. tapa and undergo hunger etc. hardship, do not get angry with anyone, with preachment direct others into dharma , thus considering their qualities, carry out bhakti bhava towards them  but such qualities are found in Param Hans and other followers and Jaini Mithya Drishti also; hence it has Ati Vyapti ( over pervasiveness), therefore one cannot examine  this way truly.

These qualities are considered- Of these several are dependent upon Jiva and several are dependent upon pudgala. Without knowing their difference, due to spirit of oneness in dissimilar natured Muni paryaya they remain Mithya Drishti. The true characteristics of Munis is oneness of Samyak Darshan-Gyan-Charitra form Moksha Marg, which they do not recognise since if they recognise it then they would not remain Mithya Drishti. In this way if the true form of Munis is not known then how can they practice true bhakti? Recognising the Shubha activity form qualities which are cause for punya bandh, believing that to be beneficial, being attached towards it they practice Bhakti.

-          Thus the form of Guru Bhakti was described.

Converse form of Shastra Bhakti

Now the converse form of shastra bhakti is described- several jivas  considering that  ‘this is speech of Kevali Bhagwan ; hence due to auspicious nature of Kevali, these are also venerable’ – they engage in bhakti towards them, Several engage in examination in following way- ‘ in these shastras , the detachment, compassion, forgiveness, morality, satisfaction etc. are narrated; hence these are supreme’ – knowing this they engage in bhakti but such statements are seen in other shastras- Vedant etc. also.

In these shastras serious description of Trilok etc. is provided; hence knowing its supremacy they engage in Bhakti , but in these there is no scope for inference etc. ; hence how can they know its glory without examining  true-false?  Hence the true examination is not done this way. Here Anekant form true jivas etc. tattvas have been narrated and true jewel trio form Moksha Marg is highlighted; with them only the Jina shastras are supreme, which they do not recognise , since if they recognise then Mithya Drishti cannot  remain.

-          Thus the form of shastra bhakti was described.

In this manner,  they have interest towards Deva-Guru-Shastra; hence believes self to have Vyavahara Samyaktva but he has not realised the true form; hence the realisation is also not true. Without true realisation the Samyaktva is not attained; hence he is Mithya drishti only.

Converse form of seven tattvas

In Shastra it is told that ‘ Tattvarth shraddhan is Samyak Darshan’. Hence the way the Jiva etc. Tattvas are described in shastras, he learns it from there and engages his Upayoga towards them , preaches others  but he does not have realisation of the bhava of those Tattvas. Here the bhava of the substance only is named as ‘Tattva’, hence without realisation of bhava, how can Tattvarth Shraddhan be attained?

What is ‘realisation of Bhava’ is narrated-

Just as some person for being artist, learns the divisions of swara-raga-taal-taan etc. from shastra but does not recognise the form of swara etc. Without realisation of their form one swara is believed to be other swara form and even if he knows correctly then also he cannot decide it; hence he is not expert. In the same way some jiva learns the form of Jivas etc. Tattvas from shastras for being Samyaktvi but he does not realise its form. Without realisation of form, he believes one tattva as another tattva form and even if he knows correctly, he is not able to decide it; hence he does not have Samyaktva.

Just as someone may not have learnt music shastra etc. but if he recognises the form of swara etc. then he is expert only; in the same way if shastra (Jinagam) is read or not read, if he knows the form of Jivas etc. then he is Samyak Drishti only. In the same way just as deer does not know the names of swara-raga etc. but he knows their form; in the same way those with weak intellect do not know the names of Jiva etc. but they know their form that this is myself and this is other, these bhavas are bad and these are good- thus if he recognises their nature then he has realisation of bhava.

Look ! ShivaBhooti Muni did not know the names of Jiva etc. but he kept reciting ‘tush-mash-bhinna’ , although it is not word of Siddhant but he contemplated upon the bhava form of self-others hence he became Kevali. Whereas dravya lingi being student of eleven angs know the Jivas etc. tattvas specifically but they do not realise its bhava; hence they remain Mithya Drishti only.

Now how do they have converse Tattva Shraddhan,  that is told-

The converse form of Jiva-Ajiva Tattva

( This VyavaharaBhasi Jiva) knows the divisions of gunasthana, Margana etc., trasa-sthavar forms  of jivas ; knows the divisions of pudgala etc. and their colour etc. specifics of ajiva but he does not know the way it has been described in Adhyatma shastras which is cause for having differentiating knowledge and Veetrag state.

Even if per chance he does know it then he knows in accordance with shastra but he does not carry of true shraddhan of knowing self in own form without mixing even a bit of others in self, nor mixing bit of self in others. Just as – other Mithya Drishti without decision, with paryaya buddhi adopt oneness with knowledge and colour etc; in the same way he believes oneness with the soul dependent knowledge etc. and body dependent preachment-fasting etc. activities.

Even if he tells true thing in accordance with shastra but internal decision form shraddhan does not exist ; hence just as a drunkard calls mother as mother, even then he is not sober; in the same way he cannot be called Samyaktvi.

There, as if he is talking about someone else only, in the same way he talks about the soul but this  soul is myself- such bhava he does not realise.

And just as – someone is described as different from someone else , in the same   way soul and body are described differently but  myself am different from this body- such bhava is not realised.

There in this dissimilar family paryaya with the mutual nimitta of Jiva-pudgala several activities take place, he knows them to be generated due to conjunction of two dravyas; this is activity of Jiva, for which pudgala is nimitta ; this is activity of pudgala for which jiva is nimitta- such different bhavas are not realised; and without realisation of such bhavas, he cannot be called as true shraddhani of jiva-ajiva, since this was the objective of knowing jiva-ajiva, which did not happen.

Converse form of Asrava

There , he knows the Himsa etc. form Pap asravas as despicable Asrava tattva and believes the Ahimsa form punya Asrava as venerable, but both of them are cause  for karma bandh ; believing venerability in them only is Mithya Darshan. The same is told in Bandh Adhikar of Samaysar-

“ The birth-death , sukh-dukh of all jivas occur with the nimitta of their own karmas. Where one jiva is karta of these deeds of other jiva ; that only is Mthya Adhyavasaya (concept) , cause for bandh. Where the adhyavasaya of saving other jiva or making them happy is there, that is cause for punya bandh and where the adhyavasaya is that of killing or making unhappy is there , that is cause for pap bandh.”

-          Such Ahimsa form truth etc. are cause for punya bandh and Himsa form untruth etc. are cause for pap bandh- all these are Mithya Adhyavasaya; they are rejectable; hence like himsa, knowing Ahimsa etc. also to be cause for bandh, know it to be  despicable.

There may be budhhi of killing in himsa, but without completing his Ayu, one does not die; he accrues pap bandh himself due to his dwesha form manifestations. There may be buddhi of protecting in Ahimsa but without the Ayu balance being there, he cannot survive; he accrues punya by himself due to his virtuous raga manifestations- thus both of these are despicable; whereas being Veetrag, manifests in knower-seer form, that only is bandh free; that is venerable.

So long as such state not be attained, till then manifest in virtuous raga form, but keep the shraddhan such that this too is cause for bandh and is despicable; if he believes it to be Moksha Marg in shraddhan then he becomes Mithya Drishti.

And Mithyatva, Avirati, Kashaya, Yog are divisions of Asrava. He believes in them externally but internally he does not recognise the family of such bhavas.

He knows the Graheet Mithyatva of worshipping other Devas as Mithyatva but since beginningless time there is Agraheet Mithyatva which  he does not recognise.

Externally himsa of trasa-sthavar and engagement in subjects of senses-mind, he knows them as Avirati but in Himsa the Pramad (careless) manifestation is the root and in enjoyments of sensory subjects, the desire is the root which he does not notice. 

He knows the external anger etc. as Kashaya but in the intent raga-dwesha are present which  he does not recognise.

And he knows the external efforts as Yog but he does not know the Shakti form yogs.

-          Thus he knows the form of Asrava conversely.

There he does not have worry of destroying the raga-dwesha-moha form asrava bhavas; but he makes provisions of eliminating external activity or external nimitta but with their elimination the asrava does not get eliminated.

Dravya Lingi muni does not worship other Devas etc., does not engage in Himsa or sensory subjects, does not get angry etc., prevents the activities of mind-speech-body even then he has all four asravas of Mithyatva  etc. There he does not carry out these acts in deception; if he deceives then how can he reach up to Graveyak etc. ? Hence the Mithyatva etc. form bhavas of raga etc. in the internal intent alone are the asrava; which he does not recognise.

In this way he does not have true shraddhan of Asrava Tattva also.

The converse form of Bandh Tattva

He knows the bandh of narak etc. pap forms due to ashubha bhavas in bandh tattva as bad while with Shubha bhavas the deva etc. punya form bandh accrues  which he knows as good; but in all jivas there is dwesha in objects of dukh and raga in objects of sukh, in the same way he also has shraddhan of raga-dwesha. Just as there is raga-dwesha in objects of sukh-dukh pertaining to present paryaya, in the same way there is raga-dwesha in objects of sukh-dukh  pertaining to future paryayas.

There with Shubha-ashubha bhavas the differentiation of punya-pap occurs in Aghati karmas but Aghati karmas are not damaging to qualities of soul and with Shubha-ashubha bhavas the bondage of Ghati karmas occurs continuously which are all pap form and they only are damager of the qualities of soul; hence with ashuddha bhavas karma bandh accrues, knowing them as good-bad only is Mithya Shraddhan.

In this way with such shraddhan he does not have true shraddhan of Bandh Tattva also.

Converse form of Samvar Tattva

In Samvar tattva, he  knows the Ahimsa form Shubha asrava bhavas as samvar but with same reason he believes the accrual of punya bandh as well as samvar which cannot be true.

Question- Munis have one bhava at one time where they accrue bandh as well as samvar-nirjara also, how does it happen?

Answer- That Bhava is mixed form – some part is Veetrag and some is raga form. The part which is veetrag causes samvar and the part which is with raga, causes bandh- thus with one bhava two deeds are accomplished. But with one virtuous raga believing punya asrava as well as Samvar-nirjara is delusion. In mixed bhava this part is with raga and this part is veetraga- such recognition is there to Samyak Drishti only; hence he treats the balance raga form in despicable form.

Mithya Drishti does not have such recognition; hence in good raga bhava he believes samvar to be there and has shraddha of veneration towards virtuous raga form acts.

And in Siddhant the Gupti-Samiti-Dharma-Anupreksha-ParishahJaya-charitra cause Samvar – this is told but in them also he does not have true shraddha.

How is that ? This is told-

Gupti- Eliminates the activities of external mind-speech-body, does not contemplate of Pap, keeps silent, does not travel etc., he believes that to be Gupti. But in the mind due to bhakti etc. form  auspicious raga several vikalpas occur and he himself has blocked the activities of speech-body, there Shubha tendency is there and in such  tendency the gupti is not applicable ; hence with Veetrag bhava where the activities of mind-speech-body do not  occur that only is true Gupti.

Samiti- The efforts form activity  for protection of other jivas is believed to be Samiti; there with manifestations  of Himsa the Pap accrues and if you call manifestations of protection as Samvar then what would be called as cause for punya bandh? And in Eishana Samiti he avoids fault, there the objective is not that of protection; hence samiti is not for protection alone.

Then how does the Samiti occur ? – Due to some raga, the travel etc. activity of Munis occur. In those activities,  with  lack of high obsessiveness, the tendency is not of Pramad form. And by making other jivas unhappy, they do not accomplish their objectives of travel etc.; hence automatically compassion is served- such is ‘True Samiti’.

Dharma-  Due to fear of bandh etc. or with desire of swarg-moksha, they do not get angry, but the intent of being angry has not been eliminated. Just as due to fear of king etc. or with greed of Mahant-ness one does not enjoy the other women, then he is not called Tyagi. In the same way he is not Tyagi of anger etc.

Then how is the Tyagi? – With the objects appearing as favourable or unfavourable the anger etc. are  generated; when with practice of Tattva Gyan , something does not appear favourable-unfavourable then automatically anger etc. do not get generated and true dharma is practiced.

Anupreksha- With contemplation of Anitya etc., knowing the body etc. to be bad, not favourable, being detached from it is called Anupreksha by him- just as some friend was there then there was raga with him, later seeing  his bad qualities he became detached from him; in the same way earlier there was raga with body etc., later after observing its Anitya form bad qualities he became detached with it; but such detachment is dwesha form. Hence knowing the natures of self and body etc. properly, eliminating delusion, do not have raga knowing it to be good and not have dwesha knowing it to be bad- with such detachment contemplation of true Anitya etc. nature is called true Anupreksha.

Parishah-Jaya- Not making efforts for satiation of hunger etc. is called Parishah-Jaya. If no efforts are made and internally with attainment of unfavourable conditions of hunger etc. he became unhappy and with attainment of favourable conditions he became happy, then these are manifestations of happy-unhappy form which are nothing but ArtaDhyan-Raudra Dhyan – with such bhavas Samvar cannot be attained. Hence with reasons of dukh not being dukhi and with reasons of sukh not being sukhi; thus remaining knower of them in gyeya form is real Parishah-Jaya.

Charitra- Renunciation of all Himsa etc. violent acts are considered to be ‘Charitra’ by him. The MahaVrita etc. form Shubha yog being venerable is  considered as acceptable but in Tattvartha Sutra in the description of Asrava substance the MahaVrita and AnuVrita are also called as Asrava form, how can they be venerable ? And Asrava is means for bandh and Charitra is means for Moksha ; hence MahaVrita etc. form Asrava bhavas cannot be Charitra. Bhava without any Kashaya which is totally detached is called as Charitra.

With the fruition of DeshGhati Spardhaks of CharitraMoha, very mild auspicious raga is generated, which is impurity of Charitra. That is not renounced knowing it not to be discardable  but all violent Yog only is renounced. Just as some person renounces green vegetables of the form of roots etc. and  eats several greens but he does not consider it as dharma; in the same way the Munis renounce Himsa etc. form strong Kashaya form bhavas and practice weak Kashaya form MahaVrita etc. but they do not believe it to be Moksha Marga.

Question – If it is so then how in the thirteen divisions of Charitra, MahaVrita etc. are mentioned ?

Answer- This is told as Vyavahar Charitra and Vyavahara means Upachar. After MahaVrita etc. only Veetrag Charitra is attained- knowing such relationship, the upachar of Charitra is implied in MahaVrita etc. From aspect of Nishchaya the bhava totally free of Kashaya only is real Charitra.

In this way knowing the causes of Samvar conversely, he is not real shraddhani of Samvar.

Continued…..

MokshaMargPrakashak …23

 

Vyavaharabhasi Mithya Drishti

Now the Mithyatva of JainaBhasi who are supporters of VyavaharaBhas side is described-

In Jinagam where the preachment is from aspect of primacy of Vyavahara, believing in that, they engage in shraddhan etc. of external means only. All parts of their dharma, being converse, attain Mithya Bhava; the same is detailed as follows-

There know this- With the engagement of Vyavahara dharma,  punya bandh accrues. Hence from  aspect of pap activities, it is not prohibited, but those jivas who are satisfied with Vyavahara activities only, and do not make effort towards the true Moksha Marga, to direct them towards Moksha Marga , that Shubha form Mithya activity is also described in negation form.

When such description is made- listening to that if you abandon Shubha activity and engage in ashubha , then it would harm you and if with real shraddhan, you engage in Moksha Marga then you would be benefited. Just as some patient, listening to prohibition of medicine without qualities, abandons the medicines itself and adopts bad diet,  then he would die, there is no fault of doctor in it. In the same way if some worldly jiva, listening to prohibition of punya form dharma, abandons the means of dharma and engages in sensory subjects-kashaya form then he would suffer Narak etc.; there is no fault of preacher. The intent of preacher is to make them relinquish the untrue shraddhan and engage towards Moksha Marga.

-          With such intent it is described here.

VyavaharaBhasi followers of Dharma from aspect of Kula

Several Jivas are Jaini due to Kula  sequence itself. They are not aware of the form of Jain Dharma but they practice in accordance with the practices of their Kula. Just as other faith followers engage in their Kula Dharma, in the same way these also engage. If the kula order itself  be dharma then Muslim etc. all  would be dharmatma; then what is the speciality of Jain Dharma? The same is told-

“ In the world this is the practice  that to some extent justice is not imparted based upon the knowledge of Kula. The one whose kula is that of thieves, if he is caught stealing, then knowing his Kula background he is not released; instead he is punished only. Then in the order of dharma of Trilok Prabhu Jinendra Deva, is it possible to get justice in accordance with the Kula background? “

In the same way if the father is poor and self is rich, then considering the order of kula, the self does not remain poor then what is the purpose of kula in dharma? If father goes to Narak and Son goes to Moksha, then how the Kula order was followed? If the Drishti is upon Kula then son also should go to Narak; hence in dharma there is no purpose of the consideration of Kula background.

Considering the meaning of the Shastras, if due to flaws of times, in Jina dharma also Papi people have introduced converse practices of serving KuGuru-Kudharma etc. and  nourishment of sensory subjects-kashayas etc., then renouncing them, it is appropriate to practice in accordance with Jina order.

Here someone says- Discarding the tradition, it is not right to proceed on new path?

He is told- If with own buddhi he follows a new path then it is not right. The form of eternal Jain dharma which has been described in shastras traditionally, eliminating those practices the Papi people have introduced converse practices in between, then how can it be called traditional path? And by giving it up and following the form of Jina dharma as described in traditional Jain shastras, it cannot be called as new path.

If in Kula the practices are in accordance with  the order of Jina deva , then it is right for us also to practice the same way. But that should not be treated as Kula practices; knowing it to be dharma, deciding upon its form and result etc., it should be followed. If the true dharma also is practiced knowing it to be practice of Kula, then he is not called dharmatma, since if all people of Kula abandon it then he also would abandon it. The reason is  that whatever he practices, it is out of fear of Kula; not because of sense of dharma; hence he is not dharmatma.

Therefore in marriage etc. activities pertaining to Kula, the order of kula should be considered , but in dharma related activities, the kula should not be considered. The dharma path which is true , that only should be followed.

VyavaharaBhasi following dharma in accordance with the order without examining

There several Jains practice in accordance with the order- the way it has been ordered in shastras, they accept it but do not examine that order. If following order only be dharma then all people having  different faiths, following the orders of their own shastras would become dharmatma; hence by examining, realising the truth of Jina words, it is appropriate to follow Jina order.

Without examining , how can the true-untrue be decided? And without deciding , just as other faith people accept order of their shastras; in the same way he has followed the order of Jain Shastras- that becomes  following the order by taking sides.

Someone says- In shastras, out of ten types of Samyaktva, one is AgyaSamyaktva  and in the divisions of Dharma Dhyan one is called AgyaVichaya. In the  NihShankit Ang the doubt in Jina words has been prohibited; how is that ?

Its reply- In shastras there are several statements which can be examined by direct, inference etc. and several statements are such, which are not visible to direct, inference etc. Hence they are praman by order only. There in different shastras the statements which are similar, it is not purposeful to examine them, but those statements which are mutually converse, out of them the statements which are visible to Pratyaksha, Anuman etc., they should be examined.

There in the shastras which have been established as Praman, in those shastras the statements which are not visible to Pratyaksha or Anuman, they also can be accepted as Praman. But in the shastras which have not been established as Praman, their all statements should be considered as non-praman.

There someone says- Upon examination some statement in some shastra appears as Praman and some other statement appears as  Praman in some other shastra, then what to do?

Its answer- Those shastras which are narrated by Aapt, in them any statement is not against Praman, since if knowledge is not there or due to raga-dwesha only someone  may tell untruth, but Aapt are not such; hence you did not examine properly; therefore it is delusion.

Then he says- If the examination by Chhadmastha is erroneous then what to do?

Its answer- The true-untrue both things are mutually compared and examined abandoning pramad, then the examination is right. Where due to partiality the examination is not proper, there only the examination is unfair.

Then he says- In shastras there are several converse statements, what all can be examined?

Its answer- In  Moksha Marga Deva-Guru-Dharma, Jivas etc. Tattvas and bandh-moksha marg, are meaningful hence they should be examined. In those shastras where these are described truly, their all orders can be followed; and where these are described conversely, their orders should not be followed.

For example- in the Lok the person who does not lie in meaningful activities, why would he lie in non meaningful activities? In the same way, in the shastra in which the form of meaningful Devas etc. is not told conversely, how can  the description of island-ocean etc. be differently there? Since with converse description of Devas etc. the sensory subjects-kashaya of speaker are nourished.

Here question- The converse description of Devas etc. is done out of sensory subjects-kashaya etc., but in the same shastras why the other descriptions are made wrongly?

Its answer- If only one description is wrong then their wrongness is immediately revealed and different style does not get established; hence with several statements being different, different style can be  established. There the ones with weak intellect get confused that this is also followed and that is also followed. Hence for establishing the differentness of  meaningful, several non meaningful statements have been made differently.

For giving confidence several statements have been made true also but the wise one would not get confused. With examination of meaningful statements, where truth is revealed, all orders of that faith should be followed. 

Hence upon examination the Jain faith only appears to be true; not others, since its speaker is Veetrag omniscient; why  would he lie?

In this way by accepting Jina order, the true shraddhan is called as Agya Samyaktva  and the concentrated contemplation there only is named as AgyaVichaya Dharma Dhyan.

If this is not believed thus and if by accepting order without examination, samyaktva and dharma dhyan are  attained then those Dravya Lingi who became Muni by accepting order, they go upto Graveyak by means of following order, how did they remain Mithya Drishti?

Hence with some examination only, by accepting order Samyaktva and Dharma Dhyan are attained. In Lok also people accept something after examination only.

There you said- By having doubts in Jina words, it causes a doubt form flaw in samyaktva. But it is not clear that what is its form- believing thus if he does not take decision, then only it causes doubt form flaw. If by taking decision itself causes flaw in Samyaktva then in Ashta Sahasri ‘ the one having attitude of examination is superior to one having acceptance of order’ would not have been told. Why questioning etc. are described as the divisions of swadhyaya ? Why the preachment is given to decide upon the substances by means of praman-naya? Hence accepting order after examination is better.

There several papi people have made imaginary narrations and described them as Jina words, do not accept them as Praman considering them as shastras of Jain faith. There also after examination with Praman etc. and matching with other shastras etc. and ‘is it possible or not’ – with such consideration , ‘ converse meaning is Mithya only’ – know thus.

Just as some cheat wrote the letter himself in which he gave the name of writer as some businessman  and out of delusion of that name, someone is cheated then he becomes poor. In the same way the papi people, by creating Granth themselves have given the name of the author as ‘Jina-Ganadhar-Acharya’ , and with the delusion of that name, someone accepts false shraddhan then he becomes Mithya Drishti only.

Then he says- In Gommatsar it has been told that ‘if Samyak Drishti jiva , with the nimitta of ignorant Guru believes in false shraddhan, then by virtue of accepting order, he is Samyak Drishti only’; how this statement was made?

Its clarification- What is not directly visible, or acceptable by inference etc., which cannot be decided on account of its being sookshma; with respect to them only this statement is made. But by having converse shraddhan pertaining to primary Deva-Guru-Dharma etc. and Tattvas etc. the samyaktva does not remain at all- this should be realised; hence without examination, the Jainis who are accepting only by order should be known as Mithya Drishti only.

There several get to be Jaini after examination but they do not examine the primary subject. Believing Jina faith to be supreme and with hope of gaining desired by means of Jina dharma, impressed by activities of compassion, morality, tapa, sanyam etc. and deeds of pooja-prabhavana , miracles etc., they become Jaini but in other faiths also these deeds are seen; hence in these characteristics the AtiVyapti ( over pervasiveness) flaw exists.

Someone says- The types of deeds which are carried out in Jina dharma are not seen in other faiths; hence the AtiVyapti flaw is not there?

Its clarification- Although it is truly so, but the way you accept compassion etc., they also describe the same way. The protection of other jivas is called as compassion by you, they also say the same; the other things also should be known in the same way.

Then he says- They do not have decision since sometimes they propound compassion and sometimes they propound Himsa.

Its reply- There some part of compassion was present; hence it results in AtiVyapti – in these characteristics; by this means the right examination is not carried out.

Then how is it carried out? –

Its reply- In Jina dharma the Moksha Marga is said to be Samyak Darshan-Gyan-Charitra form. There with shraddhan of true Deva and Jivas etc. Samyaktva is attained; by knowing them Samyak Gyan is attained  and with elimination of ragas etc. in reality Samyak Charitra is attained.

-          The description of their forms have been carried out in Jina faith , such description has not been made elsewhere and except for Jains , other faiths cannot carry out such deed; hence this is the true characteristics of Jina faith – recognising this characteristics those who examine, they only are true shraddhani; and those who examine in other ways, they remain Mithya Drishti.

There several adopt Jain Dharma due to company ; several accept Jain dharma after observing other great people following Jain dharma ; several engage in Shuddha or ashuddha activities of Jina Dharma upon observing others, thus the jivas without considering themselves do not recognise the mystery of Jina dharma and adopt Jaini name, they should all be known to be Mithya Drishti.

This much is there- In Jina faith the activities of Pap cannot be specifically there and nimitta for punya are several and the reasons for true Moksha Marga are present there anyway; hence even from aspect of Kula etc. those who are Jainis, they are anyway better than others.

Dharma follower VyavaharaBhasi with worldly objectives

There those Jivas, who out of deceit for the sake of livelihood or for fame  or some objectives of sensory subjects- kashaya , become Jaini, they are anyway Papi. With highly intense Kashaya they have such buddhi, which cannot be resolved. The practice of Jain dharma is done for destruction of worldly stay ; those who wish to serve the worldly objectives by this, they indulge in treachery; hence they are Mithya Drishti only.

Here someone says- The deeds which are carried out by Himsa etc., the same deeds are carried out now by means of dharma practice then what is wrong? Both objectives are served.

He is told- With same means of the Pap activity and Dharma activity, it results in pap only.

For example- someone constructs Chaityalaya as means for dharma and the same is used for enjoying women  etc. paps, then he is Papi only; for enjoyments with Himsa etc. if he constructs the house separately then let him make, but using chaityalaya for enjoyments is not appropriate.

In the same way the means for dharma are pooja, shastra etc.; if they are made means for  livelihood etc. also then he is papi only. With Himsa for livelihood if he engages in business etc. then let him, but in activities of pooja etc. the objective of livelihood etc. is not appropriate.

Here question – If it is so, then even Munis for dharma practice take food in other’s house and Co-followers carries out benefaction of other co-followers , how is that accepted?

Its reply- The dharma practice is not from aspect of livelihood etc. for self; knowing them to  be dharmatma, someone himself provide food , benefaction etc. then there is no harm. If himself with objective of food etc. practices dharma then he is Papi only.

Those who out of detachment adopt Munihood, they do not have objective of food etc. For maintaining the body if someone himself provides food then they accept ; otherwise they keep equanimity , and do not get perturbed. They practice dharma for their own benefit; they do not have objective of making others do benevolence and the things which are not renounced, those only are provided by them.

Some co-follower himself engages in benevolence, then let it be and if he does not do then the self is not perturbed – this is proper but if himself from aspect of livelihood practices external dharma and if someone does not do benefaction of food etc., then indulges in perturbation and begs and makes some efforts or becomes careless in dharma practice then he should be known as Papi.

In this way those who practice dharma with worldly objective, they are Papi as well as Mithya Drishti.

In this way know such Jina faith followers also as Mithya Drishti.

The common practices of those VyavaharaBhasi Dharma Practitioners

Now, how do they practice Dharma, its specifics are described-

There those jivas who out of Kula practices or by seeing each other or out of greed etc. practice dharma , they actually do not have dharma Drishti.

If they perform Bhakti, then mind is elsewhere, the eyes are roaming and with lips they are engaged in recital and do Namaskar etc. but this is not right. Who am I? Whom do I worship? With which objective I do stuti? What is the meaning of recital? – nothing is known.

Sometimes he starts serving Kudeva etc. also , there he does not recognise the difference between SuDeva-Guru-Shastra etc. and KuDeva-Guru-Shastra etc.

If he gives Daan(charity), it is  without consideration of suitable- unsuitable recipient, the way it leads to his praise, he gives Daan accordingly.

And if he does Tapa then ‘by being hungry the Mahanthood is attained’ – such deeds are carried out; there is no consideration of manifestations.

And accepts Vrita etc. then there is Drishti upon the external activity, in them also he does some true activity and some false activity  and there is no consideration of internal ragas etc. bhavas and externally he arranges for nourishment of ragas etc.

And if he engages in Pooja Prabhavana etc. activities then the way he gets fame in Lok and sensory subjects-kashaya are serviced, such deeds are carried out and generates lot of Himsa.

-          These activities have been told to improve the manifestations of self and other jivas. Although  here also certain amount of Himsa is generated, even then where fault is minimal and benefit is more, those deeds have been suggested. But there is no idea about the results that how much harm is accrued , and how much benefit is accrued – thus there is no knowledge of loss-profit  and there is no knowledge of procedure- duration etc.

If he practices Shastras then he proceeds mechanically- if he speaks then he narrates it to others ;  if he reads then himself pronounces it; if he listens then what is being told he hears but the purpose of shastra practice is not absorbed within self. Thus he does not recognise the essence of dharma activities.

Or just as the seniors in the Kula engage, we should also do the same or since others do it then the same we should do or by doing thus our greed etc. would be served, with such ideas they practice unreal dharma.

Or, there are several jivas who have buddhi of the form of Kula and some have Dharma Buddhi also; hence they practice dharma as described above and some improve their manifestations as described later; thus mixed results are seen.

Dharma practitioner VyavaharaBhasi with  Dharma Buddhi

There several people practice dharma with Dharma Buddhi but they do not know the Nishchaya Dharma; hence they practice unreal form dharma. There knowing Vyavahara Samyak Darshan-Gyan-Charitra as Moksha Marg, they practice it-

Continued…..